Gene Information
Gene NamePPOL
OrganismHomo sapiens (Human)
Gene Length1014
Protein NamesPoly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1 (PARP-1) (EC 2.4.2.30) (ADP-ribosyltransferase diphtheria toxin-like 1) (ARTD1) (DNA ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP1) (EC 2.4.2.-) (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase 1) (ADPRT 1) (Poly[ADP-ribose] synthase 1) (Protein poly-ADP-ribosyltransferase PARP1) (EC 2.4.2.-) [Cleaved into: Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1, processed C-terminus (Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1, 89-kDa form); Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1, processed N-terminus (NT-PARP-1) (Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1, 24-kDa form) (Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1, 28-kDa form)]
Target NameNA
Target TypeNA
Gene AgeNA
Evolutionary StageNA
AlphaFoldDBP09874
Gene CardPARP1
Uniprot IDP09874
PfamPF00533; PF08063; PF00644; PF02877; PF05406; PF00645
In ASDyes
Allosteric PredictionNA
Ortholog in AnimalsNA
OhnologsNA
ParalogsNA
TissueNA
Tissue SpecificityNA
Pharmacological Animal ModelsNULL(Chimpanzee);NULL(Mouse);0.001923(Rat);0.018421(Rabbit)
Gene Ontology
(biological process)
Gene Ontology
(cellular component)
Gene Ontology
(molecular function)
PDB 1UK0  (X-ray  3.00A  1UK1  (X-ray  3.00A  1WOK  (X-ray  3.00A  2COK  (NMR  2CR9  (NMR  2CS2  (NMR  2DMJ  (NMR  2JVN  (NMR  2L30  (NMR  2L31  (NMR  2N8A  (NMR  2RCW  (X-ray  2.80A  2RD6  (X-ray  2.30A  2RIQ  (X-ray  1.70A  3GJW  (X-ray  2.30A  3GN7  (X-ray  2.50A  3L3L  (X-ray  2.50A  3L3M  (X-ray  2.50A  3OD8  (X-ray  2.40A  3ODA  (X-ray  2.64A  3ODC  (X-ray  2.80A  3ODE  (X-ray  2.95A  4AV1  (X-ray  3.10A  4DQY  (X-ray  3.25A  4GV7  (X-ray  2.89A  4HHY  (X-ray  2.36A  4HHZ  (X-ray  2.72A  4L6S  (X-ray  2.20A  4OPX  (X-ray  3.31A  4OQA  (X-ray  3.65A  4OQB  (X-ray  3.36A  4PJT  (X-ray  2.35A  4R5W  (X-ray  2.84A  4R6E  (X-ray  2.20A  4RV6  (X-ray  3.19A  4UND  (X-ray  2.20A  4UXB  (X-ray  3.22A  4XHU  (X-ray  2.09A  4ZZZ  (X-ray  1.90A  5A00  (X-ray  2.75A  5DS3  (X-ray  2.60A  5HA9  (X-ray  4.01A  5KPN  (X-ray  2.30A  5KPO  (X-ray  2.65A  5KPP  (X-ray  2.33A  5KPQ  (X-ray  2.55A  5WRQ  (X-ray  2.65A  5WRY  (X-ray  2.30A  5WRZ  (X-ray  2.20A  5WS0  (X-ray  2.60A  5WS1  (X-ray  1.90A  5WTC  (X-ray  2.20A  5XSR  (X-ray  2.30A  5XST  (X-ray  2.30A  5XSU  (X-ray  2.40A  6BHV  (X-ray  2.30A  6GHK  (X-ray  2.28A  6M3I  (X-ray  1.98A  6NRF  (X-ray  2.00A  6NRG  (X-ray  1.70A  6NRH  (X-ray  1.50A  6NRI  (X-ray  2.20A  6NRJ  (X-ray  1.65A  6NTU  (X-ray  1.80A  6VKK  (X-ray  2.10A  6VKO  (X-ray  2.80A  6VKQ  (X-ray  2.90A  6XVW  (X-ray  2.00A  7AAA  (X-ray  1.74A  7AAB  (X-ray  2.80A  7AAC  (X-ray  1.59A  7AAD  (X-ray  2.21A  7CMW  (X-ray  2.70A  7KK2  (X-ray  1.70A  7KK3  (X-ray  2.06A  7KK4  (X-ray  1.96A  7KK5  (X-ray  1.70A  7KK6  (X-ray  2.06A  7ONR  (X-ray  2.05A  7ONS  (X-ray  1.97A  7ONT  (X-ray  1.85A  7S68  (X-ray  3.30A  7S6H  (X-ray  3.10A  7S6M  (X-ray  3.20A  7S81  (X-ray  3.60A  7SCY  (EM  4.10A  7SCZ  (EM  3.50A 
DBSNP rs3738708  rs1805409  rs3219057  rs2230484  rs3219062  rs1136410  rs3219145 
Subcellular location [CC]Chromosome {ECO:0000269|PubMed:15607977, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22683995, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23230272, ECO:0000269|PubMed:26344098, ECO:0000269|PubMed:27568560, ECO:0000269|PubMed:30675909, ECO:0000269|PubMed:32241924, ECO:0000269|PubMed:32358582, ECO:0000269|PubMed:33412112, ECO:0000269|PubMed:34625544, ECO:0000269|PubMed:34795260, ECO:0000269|PubMed:35013556}. Nucleus {ECO:0000269|PubMed:17177976, ECO:0000269|PubMed:21799911, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23230272, ECO:0000269|PubMed:35460603}. Nucleus, nucleolus {ECO:0000269|PubMed:9518481}. Cytoplasm, cytosol {ECO:0000269|PubMed:35460603}. Note=Localizes to sites of DNA damage (PubMed:23230272, PubMed:26344098, PubMed:27568560, PubMed:30675909, PubMed:34625544, PubMed:34795260, PubMed:32358582, PubMed:22683995, PubMed:32241924). Recognizes (via PARP-type zinc-fingers) and binds DNA strand breaks (PubMed:22683995). Also binds normal/undamaged chromatin (PubMed:15607977). Auto poly-ADP-ribosylation promotes dissociation from chromatin (PubMed:15607977, PubMed:30675909, PubMed:32358582, PubMed:34625544). Extracted from chromatin by VCP/p97 following sumoylation and ubiquitination (PubMed:35013556). Translocates from the nucleus to the cytosol following phosphorylation by PRKDC (PubMed:35460603). Recruited to replication forks following interaction with CARM1 (PubMed:33412112). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:15607977, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22683995, ECO:0000269|PubMed:23230272, ECO:0000269|PubMed:26344098, ECO:0000269|PubMed:27568560, ECO:0000269|PubMed:30675909, ECO:0000269|PubMed:32241924, ECO:0000269|PubMed:32358582, ECO:0000269|PubMed:33412112, ECO:0000269|PubMed:34625544, ECO:0000269|PubMed:34795260, ECO:0000269|PubMed:35013556, ECO:0000269|PubMed:35460603}.;
[Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1, processed N-terminus]: Chromosome {ECO:0000269|PubMed:33168626, ECO:0000269|PubMed:35104452, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9721847}. Note=Following cleavage by caspase-3 (CASP3) and caspase-7 (CASP7) in response to apoptosis, this cleavage form irreversibly binds to DNA breaks. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:33168626, ECO:0000269|PubMed:35104452, ECO:0000269|PubMed:9721847}.;
[Poly [ADP-ribose] polymerase 1, processed C-terminus]: Cytoplasm {ECO:0000269|PubMed:33168626}. Note=Following cleavage by caspase-3 (CASP3) and caspase-7 (CASP7) in response to apoptosis, translocates into the cytoplasm, where the auto-poly-ADP-ribosylated form serves as a poly-ADP-ribose carrier to induce AIFM1-mediated apoptosis. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:33168626}.
Mouse PG classificationNA
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