Gene Information
Gene NameHMG1
OrganismHomo sapiens (Human)
Gene Length215
Protein NamesHigh mobility group protein B1 (High mobility group protein 1) (HMG-1)
Target NameNA
Target TypeNA
Gene AgeNA
Evolutionary StageNA
AlphaFoldDBP09429
Gene CardHMGB1
Uniprot IDP09429
PfamPF00505; PF09011
In ASDno
Allosteric PredictionNA
Ortholog in AnimalsNA
OhnologsNA
ParalogsNA
TissueNA
Tissue SpecificityUbiquitous. Expressed in platelets (PubMed:11154118). {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11154118}.
Pharmacological Animal ModelsNA
Gene Ontology
(biological process)
Gene Ontology
(cellular component)
Gene Ontology
(molecular function)
PDB 2LY4  (NMR  -  )  2RTU  (NMR  -  )  2YRQ  (NMR  -  )  6CG0  (EM  3.17A  )  6CIJ  (EM  3.90A  )  6CIK  (X-ray  3.15A  )  6CIL  (X-ray  4.15A  )  6CIM  (X-ray  3.60A  )  6OEM  (EM  3.60A  )  6OEN  (EM  4.30A  )  6OEO  (EM  3.69A  ) 
DBSNP NA 
Subcellular location [CC]Nucleus {ECO:0000269|PubMed:12231511, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17114460, ECO:0000269|PubMed:20819940, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22869893, ECO:0000269|PubMed:27362237, ECO:0000269|PubMed:29618516, ECO:0000269|PubMed:33147444}. Chromosome {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P10103, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63159, ECO:0000305}. Cytoplasm {ECO:0000269|PubMed:11154118, ECO:0000269|PubMed:12231511, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17114460, ECO:0000269|PubMed:20819940, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22869893, ECO:0000269|PubMed:29618516, ECO:0000269|PubMed:33147444}. Secreted {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158, ECO:0000269|PubMed:12231511, ECO:0000269|PubMed:14532127, ECO:0000269|PubMed:15944249, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19811284, ECO:0000269|PubMed:22869893, ECO:0000269|PubMed:33147444}. Cell membrane {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63159, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11154118};
Peripheral membrane protein {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63159, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11154118};
Extracellular side {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63159, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11154118}. Endosome {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158}. Endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158}. Note=In basal state predominantly nuclear. Shuttles between the cytoplasm and the nucleus (PubMed:12231511, PubMed:17114460). Translocates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm upon autophagy stimulation (PubMed:20819940). Release from macrophages in the extracellular milieu requires the activation of NLRC4 or NLRP3 inflammasomes (By similarity). Passively released to the extracellular milieu from necrotic cells by diffusion, involving the fully reduced HGMB1 which subsequently gets oxidized (PubMed:19811284). Also released from apoptotic cells (PubMed:16855214, PubMed:18631454). Active secretion from a variety of immune and non-immune cells such as macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, dendritic cells and natural killer cells in response to various stimuli such as LPS and cytokines involves a nonconventional secretory process via secretory lysosomes (PubMed:12231511, PubMed:14532127, PubMed:15944249). Secreted by plasma cells in response to LPS (By similarity). Found on the surface of activated platelets (PubMed:11154118). An increased chromatin association is observed when associated with the adenovirus protein pVII (PubMed:27362237). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P63158, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11154118, ECO:0000269|PubMed:12231511, ECO:0000269|PubMed:14532127, ECO:0000269|PubMed:15944249, ECO:0000269|PubMed:16855214, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17114460, ECO:0000269|PubMed:18631454, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19811284, ECO:0000269|PubMed:20819940, ECO:0000269|PubMed:27362237, ECO:0000305|PubMed:20123072}.;
Endoplasmic reticulum {ECO:0000269|PubMed:35239449}. Note=(Microbial infection) SARS-COV-2 ORF3A promotes HMGB1 translocation from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where it is recruited by and colocalizes with ORF3A at the endoplasmic reticulum. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:35239449}.
Mouse PG classificationNA
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